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Doug Hall
President/Managing Broker
(c) 703 220-7599
(p) 703 327-8623
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DougHallRealEstate.com
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25545 Cedar Hollow Drive

Chantilly, Va 20152

FORECLOSURES/FIXER-UPPERS/SHORT-SALES

The foreclosure/fixer-upper/short-sale market is booming in Northern Virginia. It is an investors dream!!

What is a Foreclosure?

Foreclosure is the process by which a lender takes back a property from an owner. Properties typically become foreclosed because the property owner has stopped paying the mortgage on the house. The process of foreclosure has many stages and is a long and complicated process for the lender involved. The benefit to a buyer is that once the bank has possesion of a property it has foreclosed on, they are very motivated to sell it and get it off of their books. Buyers can typically buy a foreclosure for well below its appraised value. One caveat here, the bank will require the buyer to take the property in "as-is" condition and does not provide any warranties about the property so buyer be ware.

What is a Short-Sale?

When a property owner owes their bank more than the market value of their house we consider them "upside down". If the owner wants to sell their home and is upside down, they must either pay the difference between their outstanding loan and the market sales price or they can attempt to "short-sale" the home. When they attempt to short sale the home they ask their lender to accept a lower payoff than is currently due. If you see "subject to third party approval" on a property listing, this is a short sale. The sellers lender must approve the final sales price and reduced loan payoff before the sale can go to closing. The sellers lender will require that the seller prove a hardship (inablility to continue paying the mortgage payment and no significant assets) and in most cases the seller must be significantly past due on their mortgage payments before their lender will allow a short sale. Short sales are diffcult transactions to manage and only a modest percentage of them go to settlement. Most of the time the sellers lender declines the short payoff and the deal dies. When a short sale is succesfully completed, the buyer has typically purchased the house for a below market price. (and the seller has an ugly ding on their credit report) Here is a great article cut and pasted from the internet that discusses the short sale process:

Answered Questions » Real Estate » Short Sales

Q: What is a short sale and how do they work?

[Answer this question]

UPDATE (3/23/2010)
Years after Loan Default, Homeowners May Still Owe

By Jim Wasserman Print Article

RISMEDIA, March 23, 2010—(MCT)—Homeowners defaulting on mortgages today may be surprised to learn years from now that they still owe thousands of dollars—and a collection agency is coming after them to get it.

That’s because lenders have been quietly selling second mortgages and home equity lines left unpaid after foreclosures and short sales. The buyers: collection agencies, which in some states have years to make a claim. If they win court judgments, these collectors could have years to pursue borrowers with repayment plans, and even garnish their wages, said Scott CoBen, a Sacramento bankruptcy attorney.

“The only relief a consumer will have is entering into a debt negotiating plan or filing for bankruptcy,” said Sylvia Alayon, a vice president with the New York-based Consumer Mortgage Audit Center. The firm provides mortgage analysis to lenders, advocacy groups and attorneys.

The phenomenon suggests an ominous, looming echo of today’s real estate meltdown. As debt collectors surely seek at least partial repayment of millions of dollars in unpaid home loans, some say renewed financial stresses on tens of thousands of local consumers could dampen economic recovery.

“I think there will be a lot of unhappy people when it hits,” said CoBen. “We saw this in the ’90s. This is not really new. Just when you think you’re back on your feet, you’re making money and the economy’s good, they hit you with this.”

Alayon said most people are so stressed out and exhausted by trying to save their homes today that they are unaware they could face another hit later. And many who are losing homes don’t get the advice necessary to prevent future fallout, say nonprofit loan counselors.

“You’ve got tens of thousands of people in California who have this hanging over their heads who don’t even know it,” said Scott Thompson, principal at for-profit Mortgage Resolution Services in Carmichael, Calif. He fears a new wave of bankruptcies might flatten people just starting to recover from losing their homes.

“So many of these are people with 750 or 800 credit scores who made a bad decision,” said Thompson. “Or they’re people who suffered income cuts. These are people, in terms of the economy, whom we need to participate.”

But an entire industry is gearing up to buy their debt at deep discounts and collect what they can, Alayon said. “It’s a big business and investors are coming out of the woodwork. It’s a very lucrative business,” she said. Real estate insiders and financial players know it as “scratch and dent.”

Regionally, no one knows for sure how much unpaid debt is on the line. CoBen said people who used their borrowings for a traditional loan on a house in which they lived generally have little to worry about. But borrowers may be vulnerable in years ahead—generally, those who defaulted not only on their first mortgage but also on a home equity loan or second mortgage.

In California, banks can’t collect from borrowers for primary, so-called “first-lien,” loans that go unpaid. When a house is foreclosed or sold through a short sale, the lender of the first loan gets the house back or the proceeds from another buyer.

But banks also made thousands of “second-lien” loans, including those used to finance 20% down payments during the housing boom. A separate category of “seconds” includes home equity loans and home equity lines of credit. Nationally, about 3.4% of those loans are currently delinquent, according to Foresight.

Owners are generally, but not always, on the hook for the second loans left over from a foreclosure or short sale. Most investor mortgages, too, leave the borrower liable for potential unpaid debt. In many short sales, experienced real estate agents or attorneys can negotiate away debt obligations for the second-lien loan. But many inexperienced borrowers don’t know that, and sign final-hour agreements giving lenders the right to pursue them later.

“Seek advice,” counseled Doug Robinson, spokesman for national nonprofit mortgage counselor NeighborWorks America. He said nonprofit counselors can help. “Often when you work with a real estate agent, they’re not really equipped to handle the repercussions. They’re set up to make the sale,” he said.

Government forces are already moving to limit potential damage to millions now struggling with home loans. A new Obama administration short sale program aims to prevent banks that hold second-lien loans from pursuing collections from homeowners after the short sale. It goes into effect April 5, 2010 and works this way: Sellers will receive notice that their servicer has steered part of the sales proceeds to secondary lien holders “in exchange for release and full satisfaction of their liens.” This release would apply only to short sales done through the administration’s Home Affordable Foreclosure Alternatives program.

In California, Democratic state Sen. Ellen Corbett recently introduced SB 1178, which would expand California’s protections for some people who refinance and take on a second mortgage.

People who refinance, but use the funds to improve their homes or to stay in their homes with a better interest rate, would be protected. Lenders could not seek court judgments to collect from these borrowers in the event of foreclosure or short sales.

“If you refinance a property and aren’t using the money for personal reasons, you shouldn’t lose your personal protections,” said California Association of Realtors lobbyist Alex Creel. He said the idea has been around for years but has become more urgent as thousands lose income and fall into mortgage trouble. The bill would apply to all foreclosures or short sales that occur after it becomes law. It doesn’t matter when the loan was made, Creel said. SB 1178 is still in the early stages of consideration. It must clear both houses of the Legislature and be signed by Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger by Sept. 30 in order to take effect.

(c) 2010, The Sacramento Bee (Sacramento, Calif.).

Distributed by McClatchy-Tribune Information Services.

RISMedia welcomes your comments and questions. Email realestatemagazinefeedback@rismedia.com.

UPDATE:

Below you will find an excerpt from the irs.gov website concerning taxes on deficiencies to the lender as a result of a short sale.

The Mortgage Debt Relief Act of 2007 generally allows taxpayers to exclude income from the discharge of debt on their principal residence. Debt reduced through mortgage restructuring, as well as mortgage debt forgiven in connection with a foreclosure, qualifies for the relief.

This provision applies to debt forgiven in calendar years 2007 through 2012. Up to $2 million of forgiven debt is eligible for this exclusion ($1 million if married filing separately). The exclusion does not apply if the discharge is due to services performed for the lender or any other reason not directly related to a decline in the home’s value or the taxpayer’s financial condition.

More information, including detailed examples can be found in Publication 4681, Canceled Debts, Foreclosures, Repossessions, and Abandonments. Also see IRS news release IR-2008-17.

-------------------------

This article will attempt to address the following:

Define a short sale
Talk about the different ways it can come about and be structured
Talk about how it's different that foreclosure or bankruptcy
Talk about the implications for the seller
Talk about the implications for the buyer
Address investor related questions on capitalizing on short sales (which you will soon find based on the definition is not really what you investors are looking for)
If your question is not answered in the article, see the Short Sale FAQ.

Definition:

A short sale is an "arrangement" between the current owner of a home and the bank that lent them the money to buy their home to accept an offer for less than the total amount owed to pay off the home. The "deficiency" is the difference between the amount owed and what the bank collects at the short sale.

Although, the "arrangement" can take many different forms, there is no other definition of a short sale. I say this because many realtors and some investors simply throw the term around as if it meant "a sale under market value." No. A bank owned (foreclosed) house is not a short sale. A seller deciding to lower their price and take less profit is not a short sale. An old lady that owns her home free and clear, selling a $150k home for $75k, IS NOT A SHORT SALE. For it to be a Short Sale, someone must be getting "shorted." Either the seller, or the bank. I will explain how both of those happen in more detail presently.

Another important definition of a short sale is how it differs from foreclosure. In foreclosure, the homeowner falls way behind on their payments and the bank repossesses the house and sells it. In almost all cases, THE BANK PURSUES THE HOMEOWNER FOR THE DEFICIENCY!!! No one seems to know or believe this, but just ask someone who has gone through foreclosure, they will tell you the only way out of this was to file bankruptcy.

How It Can Happen - The Arrangement

Most short sales arise when a seller owes more on their house than they can sell it for (upside down). The owner of the home then attempts to make an arrangement with their lender to sell the house for less than is owed.

The term "arrangement" was used in the definition and is intentionally broad because the arrangement depends on the bank that holds the loan. Though there are general practices, every bank does it differently. This article will give you the most common arrangements, but if you take part in a short sale, it's crucial you assume nothing until you have the bank's policies in writing.

There are some overriding principles:

There is no such thing as a free lunch. This is not some dream come true alternative to foreclosure where the money you owe magically disappears. The deficiency will be accounted for. The deficiency can be 100% loaned to the seller in the form of a promissory note, which they then must repay.
It is a cumbersome process. If you are entering into a short sale as a buyer or seller, don't expect it to go as quickly as any other sale. There's a lot of "back and forth".
The employees of the lender that are negotiating the sale ARE NOT there for the benefit of the seller. Their only goal is to collect as much money possible for the lender and they will use whatever means necessary. You can be sure they will misrepresent their own policies and flat out LIE to the seller in order to intimidate and scare them into paying more money. If you think I'm exaggerating, the joke will be on you.
For instance, I was once told by a lender negotiating a short sale that, as a policy, they don't "write off" any of the deficiency and that the seller would have to have a promissory note for $40,000. This lender also told the seller that their hands were tied and this decision came directly from the investor who provides the money for the lender. The lender also said there is absolutely no negotiation on the amount owed, either pay the deficiency, or they will foreclose. The lender made the promissory note very manageable (20 years 0%) so that the seller would be more enticed to just roll over.

But the seller called the lenders bluff. The seller then provided a letter from an attorney stating they would qualify for a bankruptcy, thus rendering the lender incapable of collecting anything. That same day, the lender called the seller saying they would reduce the promissory note and write off $30,000 of the debt! It would have to be reported as 1099 income, but it would not have to be paid. Amazing change of policy! Then the seller saw what was happening and just said, "no thanks, we don't want to owe you anything, we'll just go ahead with the bankruptcy." Two days later the seller received a written offer that the lender would completely forgive the debt and simply report it as 1099 income! Wow!

The moral of the story is that the lenders will LIE to obtain their money. Many of the managers of the collections departments are paid on COMMISSION on how much they collect. Just imagine if that seller had rolled over on the first offer! That employee would have been responsible for keeping $40,000 of his company's money with one five minute phone call!

One other important thing to remember is that if the lender gets the property back (i.e. short sale doesn't go through), they have to put it up for auction. This creates the risk that additional money will be lost if the house doesn't sell for what it's worth. In the case of the example, the short sale offer was for $550,000, and the amount owed was $590,000. The seller faxed in evidence to the lender that most similar houses in the area were now selling for $480,000. So this enabled the seller to make the argument that it was a much more prudent risk to write off $40,000 instead of running the risk of losing $110,000. This enabled the seller's representative to intimidate the employee of the lender asking him "did he really want to be responsible for losing his company $110k, when he had the option, right now, to settle for 40k? "

If it seems like I know a lot about "this example" it would be because I was the mortgage broker for the people making the offer and seller of the property happened to be my wife.

The Details of the Arrangement

Different banks have different policies. The best case scenario is to get a bank that actually "writes off" the deficiency. All that happens here is that the seller has some minor derogatory credit reporting, but doesn't actually owe the bank any more money. This credit reporting can consist of anything from "creditor settled for less than the amount due" all the way to "foreclosed."

As the example noted, many banks will do a promissory note for the deficiency.

Some banks are stupid enough to require that the deficiency be paid at closing. Think about it. This does no good because it's the same thing as the seller selling their house without doing a short sale and simply bringing cash to the table. If a bank tells as seller they need to bring cash to the table in a short sale, they are either idiotic, or more likely LYING.

In cases where the money is "written off" it's important to understand that the lenders will never actually "write something off." In most states (I don't know the law in every state), the lender has the ability to show any deficiency as 1099 income for the seller. All this really means is that the seller has to pay taxes on that income. Depending on one's situation, it could mean that people that are dependent on some form of aid because of "low income" will have some explaining to do come tax time.

Another way that the deficiency can be written off is in the form of a judgment. This will often occur in conjunction with the 1099 reporting. It might say something on the seller's credit report such as "judgment filed against John Doe in the amount of $xx,xxx by ABC lender." This will appear in the "public record" section of the seller's credit report for 10 years (7 years is only for late payments, 10 years for public record info, don't argue, trust me). It can either show up as satisfied or unsatisfied. Satisfied is obviously better because it means that the worst thing that can happen is that the lender will report 1099 income.

Unsatisfied could be a problem, because it means that a court has found in favor of the lender to collect the deficiency from you. Now they still might simply do the 1099 thing, or they might try to collect it from you. They can keep trying to collect it from you until they get it. They can garnish your wages. Your only hope then is that you qualify for a chapter 7 bankruptcy.

This brings up an important note. NEVER EVER ASSUME THAT A DEBT THAT YOU OWE A LENDER IS GONE UNLESS YOU HAVE THE DETAILS OF THE RELEASE OF THAT DEBT IN WRITING. For instance, someone who had done a short sale had a first and a second loan. The bank agreed to the short sale, which ended up being enough to pay off the first loan, but not the second. The seller had assumed that because the bank agreed to the short sale that they wouldn't have to worry about the deficiency from the second mortgage. Now they are surprised that they are being pursued for the deficiency. REMEMBER, the lender(s) will always want ALL their money accounted for somehow. NEVER assume something is written off unless you have a formal, signed, written, unconditional release of lien and/or judgment from the lender specifically stating that no further action to collect this debt will be taken.

How did we get to this place in the first point?

A short sale can come about for many different reasons. In my wife's case, she was the owner of the house and had been making payments. We bought an investment property and put it solely in her name to protect our family in the event that the market took a turn for the worse. It did. We owed 590k, but the best offer we had after 6 months was 550k.

Despite popular belief, YOU DO NOT HAVE TO BE BEHIND ON YOUR MORTGAGE TO REQUEST A SHORT SALE. You just have to demonstrate that your house can't be sold for what you owe.

In other cases, short sales happen when a seller can't afford to make their payments and is nearing foreclosure or bankruptcy. It makes life much more complicated if you are living in the house in question. The bank's ability to scare you is much greater in that case. In this case, a short sale is only slightly better than the alternatives. You will still lose your house, and your credit is still destroyed just because you've made 4-5 late payments on your mortgage.

Despite popular belief, A BANKTUPCY, FORECLOSURE, OR REPOSSESSION DO NOT HURT YOUR CREDIT AS MUCH AS THE MULTITUDE OF LATE PAYMENTS THAT OFTEN LEAD UP TO THEM!!!!! I just cannot stress this enough. People think that a bankruptcy damages their credit beyond repair in and of its own accord. I've had many clients file bankruptcy with 750 scores and no late payments only to have their score drop to 680. It's the clients with 20+ late payments that are having their credit hurt.

A final note on how the short sale can come about... Most banks will not agree to a short sale in writing until you have a formal offer. You can simply call your bank and ask them if you could do a short sale at a certain price and they might say "sure, no problem, we'd be happy to facilitate that offer." BEWARE. That doesn't mean a thing. Before your short sale is APPROVED, you'll have to submit an application, hardship letter, financial statements, tax returns, pay stubs, the purchase agreement from the buyer, a HUD statement from the pending transaction, payoff letters from all lenders involved, and several other things depending on the lender.

Once this huge packet of information is submitted to the lender, you will most likely hear back in 1-4 weeks on the TERMS of their "approval." Be warned their approval will most likely be thinly disguised attempt to collect their debt and will almost never be the "write off" you were hoping for.

Investors

If you're an investor, by now, I hope I've scared you off. Short sales are not some magic way for you to find properties under market value. They are a tool for sellers that owe too much on their homes to sell them at market value.

What you are looking for (or should be if you're not) are sellers that owe far far less on their homes than what they're worth. Sellers who don't care how much they earn because they're either desperate or have so many houses they don't care.

Still if you see a house you want, there is one way that a short sale could come into play. Say there's a distressed property that you'd pay 100k for that you know would be worth 180k if it was fixed up a bit. The seller doesn't have the money to do it and the house is either vacant or they want out of their situation. In this case, if the seller happens to owe 130k (around there), and you will only pay 100k, AND the seller hasn't had any viable offers because of the level of distress on the property, then a short might be just what the doctor ordered.

Don't be unethical and take advantage of people. You're only going for short sales if the person WANTS to sell their house and no one else but you will buy it because you're not afraid to rehab a house that's smells bad and is falling apart.

Conclusion

Again, a short sale is not a magic cure. It's also not some mystical solution that only an elite few know about. If you're curious about selling your house as a short sale, you should contact your lender and get information in writing. It's usually not easy, and hardly ever will truly "win." But in some cases, it can leave you much better off than the alternative of foreclosure and bankruptcy. If you're an investor, there are much better ways to obtain undervalued homes.

Remember that this is a complex process and you should always seek the help of a professional when considering a short sale.

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